Regulation of Air Transport Economic Rationale and Impact

Regulation of Air Transport Economic Rationale and Impact David Grant To understand what was in the minds of those who conceived and developed economic regulations for air transport, a good place to start is the Second World War. Chicago The aviation industry was experiencing its second period of very rapid technological development, the first such period having occurred during World War I. In 1944, it was clear that aviation would play a much bigger role during peacetime after the war, than it had done before the war. The tide of the war had turned and there was a sense that it would soon be over (The History Place, 2014). The minds of world leaders began to focus on post-war matters. The world had been through two wars in close succession and there was a determination that this cycle should not be repeated. In his ‘State of the Union’ message to congress, on 11 January 1944, President Roosevelt said â€Å"We are united in determination that this war shall not be followed by another interim which leads to new disaster- that we shall not repeat the tragic errors of ostrich isolationism† (Peters G and Woolley J, 2014). In November of that year, the United States took a very practical step to address isolationism. It convened a meeting at Chicago to discuss post-war aviation. Delegates from 52 nations attended and discussed the challenges facing international civil aviation. The conference lasted longer than expected but, in the end, it achieved two things: an international agreement, referred to as the Chicago Convention; and, a new organisation, the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) to oversee international civil aviation (ICAO, 2014). The sentiment expressed earlier in the year by President Roosevelt was encapsulated in the preamble to the Chicago Convention: â€Å". . . whereas it is desirable to avoid friction and to promote that cooperation between nations and peoples upon which the peace of the world depends; therefore, the undersigned governments having agreed on certain principles and arrangements in order that international civil aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly manner . . . and operated soundly and economically; have accordingly concluded this convention . . . † (ICAO, 2014). In respect of an economic rationale for the work that had been done, Adolf Berle, a close advisor to President Roosevelt wrote after the conference: â€Å"a substantial beginning has been made towards opening the air to commerce. It is not too much to say that we entered the Conference in the law and atmosphere of the 17th century; and we came out with a fair prospect of obtaining 20th century conditions. Faithfully yours, ADoux A. BERLE, JR.â€Å" (United States Department of State, 2014) Scope of Regulation The scope of what was agreed at the meeting was broad. It included, for example, the concept of the nationality of an aircraft. It agreed a global system of aircraft registration (that has obtained ever since) under which each nation was assigned a prefix (for example, the letters ‘EI’ and ‘EJ’ were assigned to Ireland) and that aircraft would be assigned a unique registration (for example, EI-AAA, EI-AAB, etc.) by their home nation and that the registration would be displayed prominently on every aircraft. The Chicago Convention was an agreement between nations. Outside of its scope was the question of which airlines flew where and what fares they charged. Domestically, in the US, that function was performed by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) under 1938 legislation. Internationally, it was to be managed by means of bilateral agreements. A standard form of bilateral agreement was prepared by the Chicago meeting (ICAO, 2014). In 1945 the International Air Transport Association (IATA) was founded and took on the role setting fares. The first IATA fare-setting conference was held in 1947. Aviation grew rapidly over the following decades and IATA’s work expanded. By the 1970s, the IATA conference had become a mammoth undertaking and was approving and publishing 200,000 passenger fares and 100,000 cargo fares (Tiernan, 2013). Small Government A majority of Americans (54%) believe that government interferes too much in society and in business (Gallup, 2013). Small government is a philosophy the main tenet of which is that government should get involved in as little as possible and should stay out of the way of business. In the United States, President Ronald Reagan was one if its main advocates (Boaz, 2004). The economic regulations contained in the Civil Aeronautics Act (1938) and the Chicago Convention (1944) lasted until 1978 when some of them were repealed by the Airline Deregulation Act. Although airline deregulation is clearly an initiative that was specific to the airline industry, it is useful to see it in the context of small government. The 1978 changes were consistent with a move towards small government. It was President Jimmy Carter who signed the act into law, towards the end of his presidency in October 1978, but it was Ronald Reagan who oversaw most of the resulting changes and is associated with deregulation in the public mind (Goetz and Dempsey, 1989). Scope of Deregulation The impression is abroad that airline deregulation, which commenced in 1978 and was further developed in 1992 and 2001, has eliminated economic regulation from the airline industry. This is untrue. Significant economic regulation remains, including: restrictions on foreign ownership of airlines, or cross-border consolidation of airlines; restrictions on foreign airlines providing domestic services; and, the tax-free status of aviation fuel. Airline Ownership Ownership of an airline in the US is regulated. No more than 25% of an airline may be owned by non-US citizen(s). In Europe, a similar provision exists but the upper limit on foreign ownership is 49% The economic rationale behind these rules has been presented variously as a wish to protect a fledgling industry or (in the US) military reliance on civilian airliners to provide supplemental capacity in time of war (GAO, 2013). However, one cannot but suspect that it is in fact protectionism of an industry that has in the past been regarded as a sort of national asset, a flag-carrier. The practical effect of these restrictions is to prevent cross-border airline mergers, acquisitions and investments. Cabotage The Chicago Convention specifically outlawed cabotage, i.e., the carriage of passengers (or freight) within the territory of another state. Since then, other developments have reduced the impact of this restriction, most notably European Union treaties which have created a single-market in EU member states so that cabotage restrictions no longer apply there and any EU-based carrier may operate services within the borders of any ether EU-state. This is not the case outside of the EU. Aer Lingus may not carry passenger between New York and San Francisco. Similarly, American Airlines may not carry passengers between points within the European Union. Fuel Tax Article 24 of the Chicago Convention stated that aviation fuel would be exempt from taxes. That article remains in force today. There is general agreement that the world’s climate is changing; and, that the cause is manmade. The proposed solution is ‘sustainable development’. The concept of sustainability is central to the subject of climate change. Sustainable development is defined as â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987). Emissions from aircraft engines are one of the causes of climate change. The most significant emission (from the perspective of climate change) is CO2 and it is estimated that the CO2 emissions from aviation represent about 2 percent of total CO2 emissions. This seems small, relative to the overall problem. However, two points are noteworthy: aviation is growing at a faster rate than other sectors and so it is estimated that this number could increase to as much as 10%; and, aviation deposits its CO2 directly into the upper atmosphere and so the impact on climate change may be greater than the numbers suggest. Understandably, pressure is building on the industry to reduce CO2 emissions. In particular, there are calls for the removal of Article 24 of the Chicago Convention in order to end the use of tax-free fuel which the industry has enjoyed for almost seventy years. A Note About Safety Between 1944 and today, the aviation industry has achieved significant improvement in its safety record. Passenger fatalities have dropped while the industry has been growing. Figure 1 graphs an index of fatalities relative to passenger number during sixty years between the year 1950 and 2010. Figure 1: index (passengers v fatalities) for 1950 to 1978 and for 1978 to 2010 The blue line indicates progress between 1950 and 1978, which was spectacular. Before deregulation, engineers and pilots had much more influence at airlines than they have today (McManners, 2012). The regulated environment that existed for 35 years (1944 and 1978) was one in which costs and profits were less important than they are today. In that environment, technical departments encountered less resistance when proposing safety-related initiatives than they might today. The red line indicates progress between 1978 and 2010 which has been less marked. This is not to suggest any causal relationship between deregulation and safety. It seems much more likely that the cause of the decline is the law of diminishing returns. One can only speculate about what the rate of progress might have been, had intense competition been introduced sooner. Summary of Impacts The significant impacts of economic regulation have been: The Chicago Convention, bilateral agreements and pre-agreed fares provided a framework for the safe development and growth of an international airline industry which might not have been possible in a free-for-all situation. Restrictions on airline ownership and on cabotage provided nations and airlines with a sense of control over airlines and domestic networks. This was a reasonable price to pay as it allowed nations and airlines to take risks and to develop the confidence to expand internatiomnally while secure in the knowledge that their airline(s) and home market were protected. The provision of tax-free fuel provided an environment in which the new international airline industry could grow more rapidly. This allowed aviation to grow market share and to catch up with other modes of transport. Now, given the need to make aviation sustainable, it may be time to change tax-free fuel. Conclusion Economic regulation has been good for the airline industry. It has served to protect it during a time when it needed to be nurtured and developed. If we look at airline economic regulation through the lens of small-government, deregulation, and market-is-king thinking of today, we are liable to miss the point. Better to look at it through the lens of a world still at war and the lenses of a group of 185 delegates from 52 nations; strangers who came together in a hotel in Chicago for five weeks and who between them had the belief, foresight and imagination to envisage something that didn’t yet exist. It does now. References Boaz D., 2004, Remembering Ronald Reagan, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/remembering-ronald-reagan Franklin D. Roosevelt: State of the Union Message to Congress, January 11, 1944. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16518. [accessed, 21 May 2014] Gallup, 2013, http://www.gallup.com/poll/157481/majority-say-government-doing.aspx Goetz and Dempsey, 1989, Airline Deregulation Ten Years after: Something Foul in the Air, Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 54, No. 4, Summer 1989, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2229476 International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), 2014, http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/1944_the_chicago_convention.htm [accessed 21 May 2014]; and, http://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/7300_orig.pdf 9accessed 22 May 2014] McManners, Peter (2012) Fly and be Damned: What Now for Aviation and Climate Change? London: Zed Books. The History Place, http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/holocaust.htm [accessed, 22 May 2014] Tiernan S, 2013, University of Limerick, MBA (Aviation Management) class notes. United States Department of State / Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers, 1944. General: economic and social matters (1944) Preliminary and exploratory discussions regarding international civil aviation; conference held at Chicago, November 1-December 7, 1944, pp. 355-613, http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turnid=FRUS.FRUS1944v02entity=FRUS.FRUS1944v02.p0622isize=text [accessed, 22 May 2014] US Government Accountability Office (GAO), INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS: Issues Relating to Foreign Investment and Control of U.S. Airlines GAO-04-34R: Published: Oct 30, 2003. Publicly Released: Dec 1, 2003. http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-04-34R World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987) Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, USA: WCED (http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf) 1. What is the economic rationale for the regulation of air transport markets? What impacts have regulations had? Question: Do you mean what was the economic rationale etc. in so far as most economic regulation is now gone, so this would be an essay about pre-deregulation times? Answer: The essay is looking for a more general perspective on the arguments put forward for government intervention in transport markets – so you can cover past and present experiences and economic rationales – many of the historical arguments may no longer be valid, but it is worth rehearsing that they may have been appropriate given the stage of development of say, the airline industry in the 1930s/40s. You have considerable flexibility in what you cover in your essay. 2. Outline the role and impact of network structure on airline behaviour and performance. Role? Impact? Network Structure? Airline behaviour? P2P = no bag transfer; no responsibility for lateness Airline performance? therefore fewer bags lost and therefore better performance; therefore no obligation to late passengers The role of landing fees in influencing network type Paradox re full-service versus point-to-point; Eight flights make 45 markets Global hubs: the gulf and now Turkey? 3. How and why might you undertake a cost analysis of an airline? What difficulties might arise in undertaking such an analysis? Question: Is it the case that I am invited in by the airline to do the analysis and therefore will have access to all financial data; or, is it that I am doing the analysis from outside the airline with access to only published data? Answer: I am not imposing any particular perspective for the 2nd question – you might outline why cost analysis is useful for a firm as well as for regulators or industry analysts. You can discuss the data requirements for undertaking such analyses and the likelihood of these data being available. Again, you have considerable scope to shape the essay any way that you wish. How? Why costs analysis is useful for a firm For a regulator For an industry analyst The data requirements and the likelihood of it being available Standard way of comparing? Legacy costs at the legacy carriers The difficulties? 4. Are airline markets inherently unprofitable? Please explain your answer. No! it just seems that way! Is it infrastructure if is it business? Chicago Conference Sum of profits to date = losses; compare that with other industry(s) Yield management systems better; sell cheap seats first? Supermarket does the opposite (perishable product?!) United Airlines +/-1 pax model Cyclical? Demand is derived; Is there another industry that is the same? Car rental? hotels? The next step after flag carriers; the airline owner! Nike Lauda; Richard Branson; executive jet (Gates v Trump); Howard Hughes In the context of a sector where the other four elements (manufacturers; financiers; airports and MRO etc.) do make money? Parallel? NB, take a holistic view it is profitable Page 1 of 11

What Is Demarketing

What is de-marketing? De-marketing is a process to make a product less attractive (so that the demand of the product will reduce). The company will take measures to decrease the demand of customers on a product. A good example of de-marketing is cigarettes. Companies put phrases as ‘’smoking kills’’ on the boxes of their cigarettes, to make people aware of the hazards of smoking. They hope this measure will reduce the amount of smokers in the world. This is a great example for de-marketing. I found the following article on the internet: Hungary institutes hamburger-tax. Link of article: http://www. ibtimes. com/hungary-institutes-hamburger-tax-293105) The article is about the fact that Hungary institutes a tax on unhealthy food. They will raise the taxes on food that deems unhealthy, such as hamburgers, energy drinks, salted nuts, crisps and other ‘’junk food’’. I think this is an example of de-marketing, because they try to make unhealthy food less attractive (with raising the taxes on it), in the hope people will buy it less and consume more healthy food. Another example of de-marketing is on the following product: Magnum Ice creams. ’ Een beroemde â€Å"De-marketing† case: Magnum ijsjes! In het eerste jaar dat de magnum ijsjes op de markt kwamen kon men niet of nauwelijks aan de vraag voldoen. Men kon de prijs verhogen, maar men koos voor het minder aantrekkelijk maken van het product. Zo werden de mooi ontworpen verpakking vervangen door gewoon een simpele zilverkleurige folie. Het product zag er gewoon wat minder aantrekkelijk uit. Daarnaast werd er juist een grote marketing campagne gestart om de vraag naar Cornetto's te verhogen.Hiermee zou de vraag naar Magnums ook iets dalen. I will summarize this article: In the first years that Magnum (the ice cream brand) was active, the demand to their product was so high, that the company could not satisfy the demand of their customers. To reduce the demand for Magnum ice creams, they put the ice creams in simple gray wrapping paper to make the packing less attractive. Anothe r measure they took, was to introduce the ‘’Cornetto’’ (another product of the company). This would reduce the demand of magnums slightly.

Criminal Justice Degrees From ITT Technical Institute 2019

ITT Technical Institute operates eighty campuses in thirty states, offering career-focused educational programs to its students. It has five areas of study, one of which is criminal justice. The ITT Tech facility in Indianapolis has an online education program that provides associates and bachelors degrees in criminal justice. They also have a bachelors degree available in criminal justice that specializes in cyber security. The full title for the associates degree is Associate in Applied Science in Criminal Justice. The curriculum includes introductory courses for the criminal justice system and skills required for the various professional positions within it. Courses cover law enforcement, corrections and the criminal courts. The associate program covers the criminal legal system and its standards in detail. Focus on law enforcement is substantial as well. Graduates of this program will have the technical skills to enter into employment in a number of positions within the system. This course should meet or exceed the entry level educational requirements of virtually any police department in the country. ITTs bachelors program in criminal justice builds on the educational base developed for the associates program. Extended study of law enforcement includes the tools of the trade such as forensics, technological development of evidence, investigative techniques and the body of law on evidence. Course work on the criminal justice system includes the development of juvenile justice programs as well as correctional and rehabilitation models .u8f15e9f9910418f503f09146f322365c { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u8f15e9f9910418f503f09146f322365c:active, .u8f15e9f9910418f503f09146f322365c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u8f15e9f9910418f503f09146f322365c { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u8f15e9f9910418f503f09146f322365c .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u8f15e9f9910418f503f09146f322365c .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u8f15e9f9910418f503f09146f322365c:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Find Vocational and Trade Degree ProgramsThe bachelors program gets into the study of criminology, the research and analytical side of criminal justice. Use of computer programs to capture, manipulate and analyze date is one topic of study. That course will focus as well on using statistical data to make decisions on what the data shows and what changes might be made as a result of the conclusions drawn. Criminology takes the wealth of data on crime incidents and criminal profiles and applies the knowledge gleaned from it to proposals for improvements in law enforcement. The third criminal justice degree available from ITT Tech is the bachelors in criminal justice cyber security. This program of study will also provide a solid foundation in the criminal justice system. The workings of the courts systems, both juvenile and adult, will be covered as well as corrections theory and practice. Law enforcement and investigative practices are part of the program along with the law as it applies to law enforcement activities. .uc4990a82f41331f8e44a33fb02c327ad { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uc4990a82f41331f8e44a33fb02c327ad:active, .uc4990a82f41331f8e44a33fb02c327ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uc4990a82f41331f8e44a33fb02c327ad { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uc4990a82f41331f8e44a33fb02c327ad .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uc4990a82f41331f8e44a33fb02c327ad .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uc4990a82f41331f8e44a33fb02c327ad:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Making Sure Your Internet is Safe From HackersThe cyber portion of the program includes, among many other things: operating system security, trust management, security auditing and intrusion detections. The technology component is covered in depth, with the study of firewalls, virtual local area networks, virtual private networks and backup and disaster security measures. Identification and authorization techniques, smart cards and risk mitigation continue the technical portion of the program. The program goes beyond cyber-crime to study the role of technology in criminal justice as well as communication and the mechanisms of social control other elements that extend this degree into the field of criminology and round out the field of study. Related ArticlesAssociate Degree in Criminal Justice Boost Earning Potential and Streamline into the Criminal Justice WorkforceOnline Criminal Justice Program Practice Law Enforcement for the Courts as a BailiffFind Online Law and Social Science Degree ProgramsPrepare for Leadership Positions with a Criminal Justice Administration ProgramAfter Graduation From a Criminal Justice Degree ProgramCareer in Criminal Justice with an Associate Degree 5 Little Known Facts about Life as Police Officer .u7ddb5c908f5f38ad3134b56eb06221be { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u7ddb5c908f5f38ad3134b56eb06221be:act ive, .u7ddb5c908f5f38ad3134b56eb06221be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u7ddb5c908f5f38ad3134b56eb06221be { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u7ddb5c908f5f38ad3134b56eb06221be .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u7ddb5c908f5f38ad3134b56eb06221be .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u7ddb5c908f5f38ad3134b56eb06221be:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Sociology Degree A Jumpstart to a Management Career or a First Step to Becoming a Sociologist

The Characterization Of Oedipus Oedipus Rex - 1303 Words

In Sophocles tragic play, Oedipus Rex, there is often feedback when discussing the characterization of Oedipus. Key issues in this play are pointed towards in realm of a tragedy, because Oedipus suffers a few character flaws such as anger, pride and arrogance. Within those flaws, he fails to reflect upon his actions; causing blindness and later, result his honor to be under minded and seen at the forefront of Thebes. What makes this play more on the fringe than other tragic plays are Oedipus’s actions’. They are what motivate his prophecy, and it allows him to discover his identity as, â€Å"He has no clear vision which enables him to examine every side of a matter with unclouded eyes, and to see all things in due perspective; nor has he a calm wisdom which is always master of his passion,† says Barstow, Marjorie. Considering the background of this tragic, begins with his actions before he enters Thebes. This indicates a general structure of his actions; Revealing his first flaw of pride. Toward the end of the plot Oedipus says to Jocusta, â€Å"There was a dinner and at it a man, a drunken man, accused me in his drink of being bastard. I was furious but held my temper under for that day.† 871. Reflecting back, he continues explaining to Jocusta, his wife, how he confronted his parents and visits the oracle in Delphi. â€Å"Next day I went and taxed my parents with it they took the insult very ill from him, the drunken fellow who had uttered it. So I was comforted for their part, butShow MoreRelatedHuman Will and the Power of the Gods: Oedipus Rex by Sophocles1363 Words   |  6 Pagesaccomplished only by some. Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex is considered today as one of the greatest tragedies produced by an author during this time. 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Although by the opening act of the play, Oedipus has earned the throne of Thebes for solving the riddle of the Sphinx, the eponymous character is unaware that he has already fulfilled his prophecy. Meanwhile, the people of Thebes are dyingRead MoreExposure to Tragedy in Sophocles Oedipus the King702 Words   |  3 Pagesto write the drama Oedipus the king. One important influence on the story was his exposer to tragedy all around him. Jeffrey buller in â€Å"Sophocles† told us that Sophocles lear ned the art form of tragedy from Aeschylus. Sophocles later went to the Great Dionysus a competition for the greatest tragedy and won first place over Aeschylus. Also, Sophocles shows tragedy in the play by telling us about the legend the heard while he grew up (Buller 2-4).Similarly, Oedipus in â€Å"Oedipus the King† goes hisRead MoreOedipus The King, And Oedipus At Colonus1343 Words   |  6 Pages Oedipus, a play written by Sophocles, has become a staple in the study of a Tragic hero in classic literature. When this was written in the fifth century, theatre was more than a means of entertainment but almost a religious event. Robert Fagles goes even further by saying that†theatre was not only a religious festival; it was also an aspect of the city’s political life.† (Fagles) . Greek dramas were presented only twice a year during religious festivals that honored Dionysus, the god of winesRead MoreFate is the Key Theme in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex and in Chekhov’s The Seagull622 Words   |  2 Pagesforgone conclusion of fate is a key theme in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex and in Chekhov’s The Seagull. These story fascinated readers the way that forgone conclusions are sent by playwright and how the actions of the characters contribute to and heightened their fate. There is a distinction to the approach during which Oedipus and, to a lesser extent, Nina builds their fates by their own actions and decision. In every case the authors use characterization to reinforce and increase the sense of foregone conclusionRead MoreOedipus Rex2527 Words   |  11 PagesEssay on Oedipus Rex 4-3-97 In Sophocles Oedipus Rex, the theme of irony plays an important part through the play. What Oedipus does, what he says, and even who he is can sometimes be ironic. This irony can help us to see the character of Oedipus as truly a blind man, or a wholly public man. A great irony is found in Oedipuss decree condemning the murderer. Oedipus says, To avenge the city and the citys god, / And not as though it were for some distant friend, / But for my own sake, to beRead MoreOedipus vs. Creon1174 Words   |  5 PagesOne City; Two Corrupt Leaders In the plays Oedipus Rex and Antigone by Sophocles, Oedipus and Creon exert similar characteristics as leaders that ultimately result in their characterization as tragic heroes. They take a similar course throughout their stories, which leads to a similar fate, resulting in tragedy. Both characters tried to revive a city in need, but in the process, the hubris they possessed got in the way. Both men had the chance to see that their actions would lead to a tragic endingRead MoreOpedipus, a tragic hero Essay example1708 Words   |  7 PagesOutline Thesis Statement: Oedipus is the embodiment of Aristotle’s characterization of a tragic hero through his ability to preserve his virtue and wisdom, despite his flaws and predicament. Introduction I. Sophocles’ Oedipus: A Tragic Hero A. Definition of a tragic hero B. Oedipus Character as it relates II. Tragedy A. Language of Tragedy B. Tragedy as it affects the audience III. Plot A. Aristotle’s idea of a tragic plot B. Significance of the plot IV. Virtue and Morality